ReviewMedical oncology (Northwood, London, England)2025
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy: what lies beyond monoclonal antibodies?
Review in Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- What is the incidence and clinical significance of dry eye disease in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors? A systematic review and meta-analysis of ocular immune-related adverse events.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Pooled it
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors for soft-tissue sarcomas: a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis.The oncologist · 2025Pooled it
- Molecular interplay of insulin resistance and cancer: advances in monoclonal antibody therapeutics.Cancer biology & therapy · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced encephalitis in endometrial carcinoma: Distinguishing immune from infectious causes.Gynecologic oncology reports · 2026Article
- SHP-2 Expression Is a Positive Prognostic Biomarker in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma: Association with KRAS Mutation and Prolonged Survival.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Article
- Review
- Immune Regulation and the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Large Language Models for Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Overcoming tumour resistance in cancer immunotherapy through predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Role of ferroptosis on immunotherapy in breast cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Differential T cell reactivation by two PD-L1 nanobodies through blockade alone or blockade with internalization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evidence of Cardiotoxic Immune Activation by Triple Immune Checkpoint Blockade: A Translational Alert for Clinical Surveillance in Patients With Cancer.Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology · 2026Article
- Periodontitis-Induced Immune Reprogramming: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy Response.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Functionalized Biomaterials in the Investigation of the Effects of Fluid Shear Forces in the Immune Regulation of Cancer Progression and Metastasis.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Targeting CD39 as a Therapeutic for Cancer Immunotherapy.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Nano-PROTACs for precision medicine: engineering strategies for enhanced targeting and potency.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Cancer and Immune Cells: A Metabolic Battle in the Tumor Microenvironment.Cancer treatment and research · 2026Review
- Overcoming the undruggable barrier: Structure-guided discovery of a potent small molecule CD28 antagonist with translational potential.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026Article
- Extrachromosomal DNA in Solid Tumors-Landscape, Immune Effects, and Resistance to Targeted Therapy.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Nivolumab and bevacizumab attenuate cisplatin-induced hepatic inflammation and apoptosis in rats.Hepatology forum · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are critical in modulating immune responses and maintaining self-tolerance. Cancer cells can exploit these mechanisms to evade immune detection, making immune checkpoints attractive targets for cancer therapy. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has transformed cancer treatment, with monoclonal antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 demonstrating clinical success. However, challenges such as immune-related adverse events, primary and acquired resistance, and high treatment costs persist. To address these challenges, it is essential to explore alternative strategies, including small-molecule and peptide-based inhibitors, aptamers, RNA-based therapies, gene-editing technologies, bispecific and multispecific agents, and cell-based therapies. Additionally, innovative approaches such as lysosome-targeting chimeras, proteolysis-targeting chimeras, and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymers are emerging as promising options for enhancing treatment effectiveness. This review highlights significant advancements in the field, focusing on their clinical implications and successes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.