ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2025
Type 2 diabetes and depression via microvascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration, inflammation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and arterial stiffness.
Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association Between Baseline Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Newly Documented Depression Diagnosis in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Multi-State Medicaid Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Risk of Psychiatric Worsening With GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Treated Depression.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Linking diabetic retinal changes with the occurrence of anxiety and depression in working population.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Vascular and autonomic correlates of screening-positive depressive symptom burden in chronic atrophic gastritis: a multicenter observational study protocol.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Mechanistic Insight into Phenolic Compounds in Mitigating Diabetic Complications Induced by Advanced Glycation End Products.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Type 2 diabetes and depression via microvascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration, inflammation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and arterial stiffness.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsType 2 diabetes increases the risk of depression, but the mechanisms underlying this association are incompletely understood. We investigated whether microvascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration, low-grade inflammation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and arterial stiffness, pathologies that are more common in diabetes, explain, or mediate the association between type 2 diabetes and incident clinically relevant depressive symptoms. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe used prospective data from The Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort study. Diabetes status and potential mediators were assessed at baseline. Clinically relevant depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score ≥10) were assessed at baseline and each year during a median of 8.1 (IQR 4.2, 10.1) years of follow-up. Mediation analysis was employed to investigate the mediating effect of microvascular dysfunction (retinal, blood and MRI biomarkers), neurodegeneration (retina and MRI biomarkers), low-grade inflammation (blood biomarkers), AGEs (skin and blood biomarkers) and arterial stiffness (tonometry and ultrasound biomarkers).
resultsData of 6091 participants (age, 59.4 years [SD 8.6]; 51.3% women; 23.6% type 2 diabetes) were available. Type 2 diabetes was associated with a higher incidence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (HR:1.37; 95% CI 1.13, 1.65). This association was partly mediated by microvascular dysfunction (proportion mediated:10.4% [95% CI:3.6%, 17.2%]); neurodegeneration (proportion mediated:12.1% [95% CI: 3.9%, 20.3%]); AGEs (proportion mediated:5.4% [95% CI: 3.0%, 8.8%]); and arterial stiffness (proportion mediated:8.4% [95% CI: 3.3%, 13.5%]); but not by low-grade inflammation.
conclusionsThe association between type 2 diabetes and a higher risk of clinically relevant depressive symptoms is partly mediated by microvascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration, AGEs and arterial stiffness.
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