Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40535938›Full record

ArticleRoyal Society open science2025

Fostering trustworthy information: countering disinformation when there are no bare facts.

Marcel Boumans, Joras Ferwerda, Maya J Goldenberg, Sabina Leonelli, Federica Russo, Vincent Traag, Arjan Wardekker

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Royal Society open science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Marcel BoumansUtrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8717-8148
Joras FerwerdaUtrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8834-7935
Maya J GoldenbergUniversity of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1858-6463
Sabina LeonelliTechnische Universität München, Munich, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-6609
Federica RussoUtrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1993-9697
Vincent TraagUniversiteit Leiden CWTS, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-3879
Arjan WardekkerUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7974-4835

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

At a time when the dissemination of online information is synonymous with an abundance of disinformation and misinformation, it is important to extend our reflection beyond debunking and fact-checking. In this article, we consider the cases of (dis-, mis- and mal-)information regarding scientific results. We argue that countering misinformation requires a better understanding of the root cause of the problem. We believe the root cause is trust rather than truth. We argue that trust should be approached from a distinct social epistemological perspective that recognizes differences between data and facts and that treats trust as part of the scientific process and as part of the way publics interpret and use scientific information.

Indexed as

disinformationfact-checkingtrust in scienceuncertaintyvalidity

Identifiers

PMID40535938
PMCPMC12173498

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.