ArticleACS applied nano materials2025
Article in ACS applied nano materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations has become increasingly prevalent, with the rise of subunit vaccines. However, the production of nanoparticles is often not scalable, presenting a significant challenge for large-scale vaccine manufacturing. Additionally, these nanoparticle delivery systems often require additional immunopotentiators to elicit a robust immune response, further complicating vaccine formulation. In this study, we explore the potential of flame-synthesized calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles, produced via flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) (a highly reproducible and scalable method), as vaccine adjuvants capable of both antigen delivery and immunostimulation. We produced three different CaP nanoparticles with controlled crystallinity and size to screen for their immunostimulatory properties and evaluated their capacity to load and protect the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) from enzymatic degradation. Our results show that all three CaP nanoparticles significantly enhance antigen internalization and processing by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), critical for effective T cell activation. OVA conjugated with amorphous CaP nanoparticles outperformed crystalline CaP in increasing the expression of costimulatory markers CD86 and CD80 on BMDCs, as well as enhancing IL-6 production, indicating their potential as effective immunopotentiators. This dual functionality, in addition to the facile synthesis process, could simplify vaccine formulations by obviating the need for separate immunostimulatory agents. This work lays the foundation for further research to establish the flame-made CaP nanoparticle effectiveness and safety as adjuvants
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