ArticleInternational journal of ophthalmology2025
Association between blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio and diabetic retinopathy: insights from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Article in International journal of ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Relationship Between Blood Urea Nitrogen to Albumin Ratio (BAR) and Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) in Diabetic Patients.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Blood Urea Nitrogen to Albumin Ratio is Associated with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Association of blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio with arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes patients: a Chinese cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
aimTo investigate whether blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio (BAR) influences the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetic patients.
methodsThe diabetic individuals were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database spanning 1999 to 2018. The BAR was calculated as the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin. To evaluate the association between BAR levels and DR, a generalized additive model and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted to determine whether other factors modified this association.
resultsThe number of eligible individuals in the current research endeavor equaled 5798. The resulting data were indicative of the existence of a nearly linearly positive relationship between BAR levels and DR. Following confounding variable adjustment (age, gender, marital status, red blood cell, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, creatinine, gender, red cell distribution width, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, sodium, glycated hemoglobin, hypertension, and total cholesterol), the multivariate investigation implied that an elevated DR risk correlated with elevated levels of BAR (OR: 1.46, 95%CI: 1.20-1.79). This relationship was noted to be reliable and stable across diverse analyses, following the conduction of sensitivity analysis (
conclusionThe study provides evidence of a positive association between elevated BAR levels and an increased risk of DR in diabetic individuals.
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