Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40533417›Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes2025

Long-Term or Recurrent Antibiotic Use in Early Life and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort and a Case-Control Study.

Zijun Li, Qiangsheng He, Xin He, Xin Xing, Songbo Fu, Xiaoping Sun, Mina Ma, Danni Wang, Ningning Mi, Jinyu Zhao and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Zijun LiEvidence-Based Social Science Research Center/Health Technology Assessment Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-9747
Qiangsheng HeDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Clinical Big Data Research Center, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
Xin HeEvidence-Based Social Science Research Center/Health Technology Assessment Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
Xin XingEvidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
Songbo FuDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8856-0978
Xiaoping SunHealth Management Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
Mina MaEvidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
Danni WangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Clinical Big Data Research Center, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
Ningning MiThe First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1752-185X
Jinyu ZhaoThe First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
Jinqiu YuanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Clinical Big Data Research Center, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
Kehu YangEvidence-Based Social Science Research Center/Health Technology Assessment Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-3012

Funding

Gansu Province Endocrine Disease Clinical Medical Research Center 20JR10FA667the Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China: Research on the Theoretical System, International Experience and Chinese Path of Evidence-based Social Science 19ZDA142
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAntibiotics in childhood are commonly used and have been linked to gut microbiome dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. However, direct evidence regarding the association between long-term or recurrent antibiotic use (LRAU) during early life and diabetes was scarce. We performed this study to investigate this association in two population-based studies.

methodsWe undertook a prospective analysis encompassing 147 010 participants from the UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of self-reported LRAU during early life on diabetes risk. We also conducted a case-control study within the Chinese population, in which 263 diabetes cases and 526 controls were matched for age and living location. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI were was calculated using logistic regression models.

resultsWe identified 4314 incident cases of type 2 diabetes over 1 840 944 person-years of follow-up in the UK Biobank. LRAU during early life was associated with a 26% higher risk of diabetes after accounting for putative risk factors (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.16-1.37) in the UK biobank. We observed a more evident association between LRAU and an elevated risk of diabetes in the case-control study (OR, 3.32; 95% CI, 2.06-5.38). The primary finding was robust to several subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses.

conclusionsLRAU during early life may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Caution should be exercised when prescribing long-term or recurrent antibiotics to children and adolescents.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2AdolescentAdultCase-Control StudiesChildFemaleFollow-Up StudiesGastrointestinal MicrobiomeHumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRisk FactorsUnited KingdomAnti-Bacterial Agentsantibioticscase–control studycohort studytype 2 diabetesUK biobank

Identifiers

PMID40533417
PMCPMC12176498

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.