ReviewToxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology2025
Localization modalities for botulinum neurotoxin injection.
Review in Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Article
- Review
- Botulinum toxin as a potential adjunct therapy in stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Botulinum toxin is a targeted therapeutic that acts primarily at the site of injection. Various approaches have been taken to guide injection into the selected muscle, gland, organ or other body area. Guidance methodologies that can be used in the office setting for skeletal muscle and salivary gland percutaneous injection include uninstrumented manual needle placement, electromyography (EMG), electromyography with electrical stimulation (e-stim), ultrasound (US) and combined guidance (US + EMG or US + e-stim). This article reviews the advantages, disadvantages, and accuracy of each method and the impact of each guidance technique on therapeutic outcome for muscle and salivary gland injections. Overall, manual placement may suffice for large and superficial muscles, however, all instrumented techniques improve accuracy. Electromyography can uniquely provide information on muscle activity, while e-stim can aid injection in patients who cannot voluntarily activate a selected muscle. Ultrasound is the only technique that can visualize internal structures, allowing identification of a safe trajectory for injection of small or deep targets that might otherwise be inaccessible.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.