ArticleCell reports. Medicine2025
Probiotic-mediated tumor microenvironment reprogramming with protease-sensitive interleukin-15 and photothermal therapy.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- An engineered probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 strain for Amuc_1100 delivery in a CT26 colorectal tumor model.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Intratumoral microbiota in the growth of CRC and lung cancer: Comprehensive insights from etiology to therapy.iScience · 2026Review
- Perioperative gut microbial ecology: a new frontier for improving the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma surgery.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Bacterial-based cancer therapy: mechanisms and therapeutic advances.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Illuminating the path to oncolysis: rise of microbial phototherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Engineering oncolytic bacteria as precision cancer therapeutics: design principles, therapeutic strategies, and translational perspectives.Protein & cell · 2026Review
- Rational engineering of combinatorial bacterial therapies for cancer.Genome biology · 2026Review
- Gut-derived memory T cells: key mediators of neuroinflammation via the gut-brain axis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- The challenges and strategies for navigatingTheranostics · 2026Review
- [Multidimensional characteristics of the tumor microenviron-ment and advances in targeted delivery strategies].Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
T cell inadequacy or exhaustion often causes the failure of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based immunotherapy. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) has been used to prime the tumor microenvironment (TME) to boost the efficiency of immunotherapy. However, its clinical application is hindered by systemic toxicity and low intratumoral concentrations. Here, we engineer the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 to deliver IL-15 and croconium dye, enabling the TME-responsive release of IL-15 and amplifying the antitumor effect through photothermal therapy. This promotes the recruitment of antigen-presenting cells and T cells and the expansion of T/natural killer cells induced by IL-15. Consequently, it halts the tumor growth and induces systemic memory T cell production. This approach combined with ICBs generates prominent synergistic effects across various immune-hot and immune-cold tumors. This study provides a strategy for targeted delivery of cytokines, demonstrating its high potential for TME reprogramming when combined with immunogenic cell death inducers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.