Observational studyNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2025
Relapses in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: Clinical Characterization and Predictive Features.
Observational study in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis outcomes in a population-based cohort.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- A predictive nomogram for relapse risk in children with autoimmune encephalitis.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Article
- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Relapse predictors and brain atrophy in antibody-positive and antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Efgartigimod-rituximab sequential therapy in Anti-NMDAR encephalitis: real-world evidence for a novel salvage-maintenance strategy.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Anti-GABAB receptor encephalitis combined with autoimmune polyendocrine gland syndrome.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Autoimmune Psychosis Exists: Early Diagnosis of an Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis Presenting as First-Episode Psychosis in a 25-Year-Old Male-A Case Report.Case reports in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesDuring the recovery phase of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, up to 25% of relapses have been reported. Herein, we aimed to clinically characterize these relapses, analyze potential clinical predictors during the first episode, and evaluate the impact of immunotherapy in their occurrence.
methodsThis was a retrospective observational study of patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis relapses between January 2007 and June 2022 at the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis with a follow-up longer than 1 year.
resultsAmong 507 patients, 49 (9%) presented relapses after a median time of 720 days (range 149-8,280) and a median follow-up of 1752 days (range 390-9,229 days, interquartile range 1760 days). A total of 36 patients (73%) experienced 1 relapse, 9 (18%) had 2, and 4 (8%) had 3 relapses. Most patients presented an isolated core symptom (25/45, 55%). Relapses were less severe than the first episode, as reflected by a lower maximal modified Rankin Scale (median 5, range 3-5, vs median 3, range 0-6; DISCUSSION: Relapses of anti-NMDAR encephalitis are uncommon, mostly monosymptomatic, and less severe than the first episode. At onset, presenting CSF pleocytosis or an underlying tumor decreases the risk of relapses. In addition, the early administration of first-line and second-line immunotherapies, particularly rituximab, could protect against further relapses.
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