ArticleInternational journal of biometeorology2025
The impact of season, temperature, and direct normal irradiance on IVF pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in International journal of biometeorology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between season and pregnancy outcomes in fresh embryo transfer cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- The association between heat waves and pregnancy outcome among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology in Sichuan, China.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Association between ambient temperature exposure and pregnancy outcomes in participants undergoing IVF: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Article
- The Circadian-Light-Hygiene Hypothesis: A Potential Modulator of Fertility and Birthrate Trends.Biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study assessed associations between season, temperature, direct normal irradiance (DNI), and clinical pregnancy outcomes in first fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study (June 2021-October 2023) of 1179 patients undergoing fresh IVF cycles. Inclusion criteria required age ≤ 45 years, first-time fresh embryo transfer cycles (long/antagonist protocol), excluding preimplantation genetic testing, frozen cycles, or incomplete data. Temperature and DNI were recorded from gonadotropin (Gn) initiation to oocyte retrieval. Binary logistic regression assessed seasonal impacts on clinical pregnancy, while restricted cubic splines (RCS) independently modeled temperature/DNI effects. Results. Compared to winter, clinical pregnancy likelihood was 1.74-fold higher in spring (95% CI:1.11-2.71, P = 0.015) and 1.53-fold in summer (95% CI:1.02-2.30, P = 0.042). Stratified analysis revealed a 2.02-fold increased likelihood in summer cycles using the long protocol (95% CI:1.07-3.82, P = 0.031), whereas no seasonal variation was observed in antagonist protocol. RCS regression analysis indicated a nonlinear relationship between temperature and clinical pregnancy outcomes, which was confirmed in the long protocol group. No significant correlations were observed with DNI or in patients treated with the antagonist protocol. Conclusions. Season and ambient temperature significantly impact IVF clinical pregnancy, especially in the long protocol, with the highest increase in pregnancy rates observed in summer, as well as within the 26.13℃ to 29.68℃ temperature range. No significant effects were observed with DNI or the antagonist protocol. These findings suggest that summer treatment may optimize IVF outcomes, but future studies should prioritize multi-center prospective designs with continuous temperature monitoring to define precise optimal ranges.
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