Overview of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia in soils in France.

Soil is a known reservoir of human pathogens, including botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia. However, the occurrence and distribution of botulinum neurotoxin types in French soils are unknown, prompting this study. Botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia were sought, and botulinum neurotoxin types were identified through an analysis of 486 soil samples representative of nationwide soil type and land use, provided by the French Soil Quality Monitoring Network. Botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia were detected in 45.3% of soil samples, with type B-producing clostridia being the most frequently detected (40.1% of soil samples). Geographical variability was observed, with samples from the North of France being more frequently positive than those from the South. A comparison of these detection results with the characteristics of soils and climate conditions revealed three soil clusters. IMPORTANCE: Botulism is a flaccid paralysis disease caused by one of the seven neuroparalytic toxins produced by anaerobic spore-forming clostridia. While soil is reported in the literature as being an important reservoir of clostridia capable of producing botulinum neurotoxins, no study has been conducted in France up to now to establish its prevalence and study soil factors influencing its occurrence. The significance of our research is in providing a global picture of the unequal distribution of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia and detected subtypes countrywide, showing that types involved in human botulism outbreaks are commonly detected, while those involved in animal outbreaks are rare. Finally, the stability of spores was evaluated. Results showed a high persistence of spores under tested conditions. This study provides new data regarding the distribution of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia in soils that are crucial for a better understanding and management of animal and human botulism outbreaks.