Pneumonectomy after neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy is a safe and effective option for central non-small-cell lung cancer patients, a single-center experience.

Background: The safety and effectiveness of pneumonectomy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy have not been specifically studied despite the significant outcomes seen in the neoadjuvant immunotherapy of NSCLC. This article aims to investigate the safety and efficacy in such cases. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed NSCLC patients who underwent pneumonectomy at Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from 2014 to 2022 and divided them into the no-induction therapy group and the induction therapy group. We focused on surgical safety and patient prognosis after neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Package MatchIt in the R was utilized to conduct propensity score matching (PSM) for confounding variables elimination. We compared the prognosis between the two groups with Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival analysis. Student's Results: We involved 149 NSCLC patients who underwent pneumonectomy, 32 of whom received neoadjuvant therapy, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. The stage of the patients was significantly reduced by the induction therapy. When compared to single chemotherapy, patients treated with immunotherapy received a more dramatic reduction. After conducting PSM analysis, we discovered that patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy who underwent pneumonectomy had a slightly better prognosis compared to untreated patients, meanwhile with no increasing in the surgical morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, we observed that neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy resulted in a better prognosis than chemotherapy alone. Conclusions: In our research, we proved that pneumonectomy following neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy, was safe, and effective, which also brought survival benefits to locally advanced central NSCLC patients.