Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40528875›Full record

ReviewThe Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia2025

Challenging inadequate and fragmented primary health care financing: findings from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Maldives, and Nepal.

Aungsumalee Pholpark, Hsu Myat Mon, Leonard Thomas Lim, Tsolmongerel Tsilaajav, Valeria de Oliveira Cruz, Piya Hanvoravongchai

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
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  5. Article
  6. Review
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  8. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Aungsumalee PholparkFaculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Hsu Myat MonFaculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Leonard Thomas LimCollege of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines.
Tsolmongerel TsilaajavWorld Health Organization, South-East Asia Regional Office, Delhi, India.
Valeria de Oliveira CruzWorld Health Organization, South-East Asia Regional Office, Delhi, India.
Piya HanvoravongchaiFaculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Funding

World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Strengthening primary health care (PHC) is essential for achieving universal health coverage, with effective financing playing a critical role in its success. Despite the increasing emphasis on PHC investment, securing sustainable public financing remains a significant challenge in the countries of the South-East Asia (SEA) Region. This study provides an overview of PHC financing arrangements in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Maldives, and Nepal, highlighting key challenges in these four countries. Data sources included the document review (87 documents included across the four countries) and key informant interviews (21 in total). Findings highlight the diverse approaches to PHC financing across the four countries, bringing out common and country-specific challenges. Our findings suggest that while PHC has been receiving more attention in policy agendas, underlying PHC financing functions still face many challenges. Some constraints stem from the existing health financing models within these countries, indicating a need for targeted reforms. Funding: WHO South-East Asia Regional Office.

Indexed as

BangladeshIndonesiaMaldivesNepalPrimary health care financingSouth-East Asia

Identifiers

PMID40528875
PMCPMC12173036

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.