Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40528176›Full record

ArticlePediatric rheumatology online journal2025

Cytokines in saliva, serum, and temporomandibular joint synovial fluid in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: An explorative cross-sectional study.

Paula Frid, Josefine M Halbig, Per Alstergren, Johanna Rykke Berstad, Lena Cetrelli, Astrid Jullumstrø Feuerherm, Berit Flatø, Annika Rosen, Karen Rosendahl, Marite Rygg and 5 more

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Article in Pediatric rheumatology online journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Paula FridDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. paula.frid@unn.no.
Josefine M HalbigPublic Dental Service Competence Centre of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Per AlstergrenScandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
Johanna Rykke BerstadDepartment of ENT and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Lena CetrelliCenter for Oral Health Services and Research (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway.
Astrid Jullumstrø FeuerhermCenter for Oral Health Services and Research (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway.
Berit FlatøUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Annika RosenDepartment of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Karen RosendahlDepartment of Radiology, University Hospital North-Norway, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Marite RyggDepartment of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Veronika RypdalDepartment of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Nils-Thomas SongstadDepartment of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Berit TømmeråsDepartment of Clinical Dentistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Ellen NordalDepartment of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Mohammed Al-HaroniDepartment of Clinical Dentistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundProinflammatory cytokines are central to disease mechanisms and important therapeutic targets in inflammatory chronic diseases. This exploratory study aimed to compare cytokine concentrations in saliva, serum, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovial fluid in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and controls.

methodsIn this cross-sectional study, we included consecutive children with JIA and TMJ arthritis, planned for a TMJ corticosteroid injection, and non-JIA controls from three different centers in Norway. Data on demographics, disease activity, presence of TMJ arthritis, and medication were obtained. Samples of unstimulated saliva, serum, and TMJ synovial fluid were collected. The amount of recovered synovial fluid in each sample, collected by the push-and-pull technique, was quantified with the hydroxocobalamin method. Cytokine levels were analyzed using Luminex xMAP technology.

resultsFifteen patients with JIA and TMJ arthritis (JIA-TMJ) (median age 15.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 11.0-16.0) years) and 34 controls (median age 13.0 (IQR 9.8-15.0) years) were consecutively recruited. Samples of saliva (JIA-TMJ, n = 13, and controls, n = 28), serum (JIA-TMJ, n = 11, and controls, n = 16), and TMJ synovial fluid (JIA-TMJ, n = 8) were collected. In saliva from JIA-TMJ, we found significantly higher levels of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, Eotaxin, FGF basic, GM CSF, PDGF bb, TNF, and RANTES, while IP-10 was found in significantly lower concentration compared to controls. In serum, there were no significant differences in these cytokine concentrations between JIA-TMJ and controls. Three TMJ synovial samples fulfilled the strict sampling criteria and were included in the analysis. The level of detected cytokines in TMJ synovial samples was higher in JIA-TMJ compared to controls, as described in a previous Nordic study.

conclusionsIn this exploratory study, several proinflammatory cytokines were found in higher concentrations in saliva in JIA-TMJ compared to saliva from the controls. No differences were seen in serum between the groups. Some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines detected in JIA-TMJ synovial fluid were found in higher concentrations compared to TMJ synovial fluid from healthy adult reference data.

Indexed as

Arthritis, JuvenileCytokinesSalivaSynovial FluidTemporomandibular JointTemporomandibular Joint DisordersAdolescentChildCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleNorwayCytokinesBiomarkersChildrenCytokinesJuvenile idiopathic arthritisSalivaSerumSynovial fluidTMJ arthritis

Identifiers

PMID40528176
PMCPMC12172225

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.