ReviewClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2025
Sex and gender disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights into risk, diagnosis, and therapeutic outcomes.
Review in Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex Differences in Mortality Among Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Age modulates estradiol's dual role in hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after ablation: A prospective observational study.iScience · 2026Article
- Disparities in Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Global and Sociodemographic Factors.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Review
- Identification of a Calcium-Related Prognostic Signature and Validation of CACNA1B as a Driver of Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, yet the disease manifests and progresses differently between sexes. Significant disparities in risk factors, diagnosis, and therapeutic outcomes are shaped by a combination of biological differences and sociocultural influences. Males face a significantly higher risk of developing HCC, primarily due to greater exposure to key risk factors such as chronic hepatitis B and C infections, excessive alcohol consumption, and metabolic disorders. In contrast, females generally exhibit better prognoses, attributed to the protective effects of estrogen and stronger immune responses. However, despite these advantages, females often experience delays in diagnosis and encounter barriers to accessing optimal treatment options. This narrative review explores the sex- and gender-based disparities in HCC, highlighting their impact on disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness. Understanding these differences is crucial for improving patient outcomes and advancing personalized therapeutic approaches for HCC management.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40528067What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.