ArticleBMJ open2025
Effect of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on psychological distress: a quasi-experimental study using the 2022 Kenya demographic health survey data.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveAlcohol consumption and tobacco smoking have the potential to increase psychological distress. We evaluated the effect of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on psychological distress among adults in Kenya using a quasi-experimental study.
designQuasi-experimental study.
settingKenya.
participantsAdults aged 15-54 years.
methodsWe analysed the 2022 Kenya Demographic Health Survey data. The primary exposure was alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking was the secondary exposure. The outcome was psychological distress. We employed propensity score matching to achieve comparability on observed covariates between the exposed and unexposed groups. We then performed conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusting for matched pairs to establish a cause-effect relation between the exposures of interest and the outcome. We reported the OR and 95% CI. We conducted a sensitivity analysis using Mantel-Haenszel bounds to check for the robustness of the cause-effect findings to unmeasured confounders.
resultsOf the 46 609 participants included in the study, 6450 (13.8%) consumed alcohol, while 2353 (5.0%) smoked tobacco. Overall, 1091 (2.3%) participants reported psychological distress. Among alcohol consumers, 352 (32.3%) reported psychological distress, compared with 115 (10.5%) among tobacco smokers. In a 1:1 ratio, we matched 10 070 individuals based on alcohol consumption and 4270 based on tobacco smoking status. In propensity-score-matched analysis, alcohol consumption (OR 2.76, 95% CI 2.06 to 3.70) and tobacco smoking (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.24) showed an effect on psychological distress.
conclusionThis study found that alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking increase psychological distress among adults aged 15-54 years in Kenya. There is, therefore, a need to screen for psychological distress among people who drink alcohol or smoke tobacco to provide them with prompt mental health interventions.
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