Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40526145›Full record

ArticleOsteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA2025

Global trends in burden of fractures, low bone mineral density, and high body mass index from 1990 to 2021, an age-period-cohort analysis.

Qianqian Ding, Bei Zhou, Jason Leung, Timothy Kwok, Yi Su

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Comment on "Loss of muscle and bone mass with increased adiposity and fractures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 5-year follow-up cohort study" (Osteoporosis International, 2025).Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Qianqian DingDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hunan Normal University, 371 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China.
Bei ZhouDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hunan Normal University, 371 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China.
Jason LeungJockey Club Centre for Osteoporosis Care and Control, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Timothy KwokJockey Club Centre for Osteoporosis Care and Control, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Yi SuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hunan Normal University, 371 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China. alddle@hunnu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-3082

Funding

Young Scientists of Hunan Province of China No. 2022RC1207
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study examined the global burden of fractures, low bone mineral density (BMD), and high body mass index (BMI) across various age groups, periods, and cohorts, revealing significant health inequalities and the need for targeted interventions. PURPOSE: To analyze globally long-term trends in fractures, low BMD, and high BMI, and to examine effects of age, cohort, period, and health inequalities.

methodsThe estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in age-standardized rates (ASR) of prevalence, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) or Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) were utilized to estimate the trends, and health inequality indices were applied to assess the socioeconomic disparities, in 204 countries or territories from 1990 to 2021. The age-period-cohort model was used to assess the independent effects of age, period, and cohort.

resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, fracture prevalence and the DALYs attributable to low BMD generally declined (EAPC for fracture prevalence: -0.53%; EAPC for DALYs attributable to low BMD: -0.90%), while the DALYs attributable to high BMI increased (EAPC: 0.66%). The disease burden attributable to fractures, low BMD, and high BMI generally increased with age. Globally, there was a pattern of rising and then declining risk of fractures and low BMD in successively younger birth cohorts, alongside an increasing risk of high BMI. Significant Socio-demographic Index (SDI)-related inequalities in burdens of fractures, low BMD, and high BMI were observed, with inequalities quantified by the slope index of inequality (SII) in 2021 showing values of 267, -53, and -119, respectively.

conclusionsGlobal trends in burden of fractures, low BMD, and high BMI varied across different age groups, periods, cohorts, and varied SDI regions.

Indexed as

Body Mass IndexOsteoporosisOsteoporotic FracturesAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAge DistributionBone DensityChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesCost of IllnessDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseAge-period-cohortFracturesGlobal Burden of DiseasesHealth InequalityHigh body mass indexLow bone mineral density

Identifiers

PMID40526145

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.