ArticleAdvanced healthcare materials2025
Imiquimod-Loaded Phospholipid-Free Small Unilamellar Vesicles Activate the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Treat Liver Cancer and Liver Metastases.
Article in Advanced healthcare materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Preclinical Models of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis: Therapeutic Evaluation and Translational Implications.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Imiquimod-Loaded Phospholipid-Free Small Unilamellar Vesicles Activate the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Treat Liver Cancer and Liver Metastases.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Emerging vesicular nanosystems capable of effectively targeting hepatocytes.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Liver cancers are often diagnosed at advanced stages and are the fourth leading cause of cancer death globally. Liver metastases, particularly from colorectal cancer, occur in 66% of patients. Immunotherapies for these cancers are limited by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. To address this, phospholipid-free small unilamellar vesicles (PFSUV) are developed to deliver the toll-like receptor 7 agonist Imiquimod (IMQ) to hepatocytes. PFSUV consists of 83 mol% cholesterol and 17 mol% Tween80, with IMQ encapsulated in these 75-nm particles. Intravenous administration of PFSUV-IMQ sustained liver IFN-α levels over 24 h while reducing systemic exposure. In a CT26 liver metastasis model, PFSUV-IMQ combined with Oxaliplatin reduced tumor size, increased CD8+ T cell infiltration, and enhanced tumor apoptosis. In an HCA-1 liver cancer model, the same treatment decreased tumor burden, increased apoptosis, and reduced lung metastases. Flow cytometry revealed increased CD86+/MHC-II+ dendritic cells and IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells in treated tumors. RNA-seq shows enrichment of innate immune activation genes after a single dose. These findings suggest that targeted IMQ delivery activates the tumor immune microenvironment, leading to reduced tumor burden in liver cancer and metastasis models.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.