ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine
Long-Term Humoral Immune Response After West Nile Virus Convalescence in Horses in a Geographic Area of Multiple Orthoflavivirus Co-Circulation.
Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diagnosis and Surveillance of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Current Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Cellular Immune Response in Horses After West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Long-Term Humoral Immune Response After West Nile Virus Convalescence in Horses in a Geographic Area of Multiple Orthoflavivirus Co-Circulation.Journal of veterinary internal medicineArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn the last three decades, West Nile virus (WNV, Flaviviridae, Orthoflavivirus genus) has become one of the most important encephalitic agents worldwide, causing substantial numbers of cases in humans and horses every year by re-emerging in endemic areas and emerging in new territories. It is considered that after natural WNV infection, humans and birds develop long-term immunoprotection, but data on immunoprotection in horses is scarce. HYPOTHESIS: West Nile virus infection provides long-term humoral immunity in subclinically infected horses. ANIMALS: Client-owned, naturally WNV subclinically infected non-WNV-vaccinated, healthy horses.
methodsIn this prospective cohort study, anti-WNV neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers of 25 horses were monitored for 5 consecutive years in Hungary. Serum samples were collected annually. First, a WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA was performed, followed by virus neutralization tests (VNT) for endemic orthoflaviviruses. A VNT titer > 8 was considered positive.
resultsThe mean WNV titer of horses was 260.64 ± 336.74 in 2019, 114.32 ± 107.36 in 2020, 95.38 ± 115.56 in 2021, 22.53 ± 25.71 in 2022 and 6.31 ± 5.15 in 2023. A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the nAb titers occurred over time. In 2023, 88% of the horses had WNV VNT titers below the cut-off value. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our results showed a significant decrease in WNV titers over time. Because nAbs correlate best with orthoflavivirus protection, our findings suggest that horses might not be protected against re-infection. We recommend regular nAb titer testing or vaccination in endemic areas.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.