Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40524654›Full record

SynthesisJournal of diabetes2025

The Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions for Families of Children With Type 1 Diabetes on Caregiver and Child Functioning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Katherine E Wakelin, Rebecca K Read, Ashely Y Williams, Rachel R Francois-Walcott, Nicola O'Donnell, Rose-Marie Satherley, Megan P Harrington, Mary John, Christina J Jones

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of diabetes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. An RCT of a family intervention for adolescents living with type 1 diabetes: Who benefits most?Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026
    Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Katherine E WakelinSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3400-9233
Rebecca K ReadSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Ashely Y WilliamsSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Rachel R Francois-WalcottSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Nicola O'DonnellSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Rose-Marie SatherleySchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Megan P HarringtonSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Mary JohnSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Christina J JonesSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3672-6631

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundResearch suggests that the wellbeing of caregivers of children with Type 1 Diabetes can influence child health outcomes. Therefore, the aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the effect of psychological interventions for families of children with Type 1 Diabetes on caregiver and child functioning.

methodsA systematic search of the literature identified 58 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met inclusion. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool.

resultsFifty-one trials had sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis, analyzing nine variables (caregiver and child psychological distress, diabetes distress, family conflict and child quality of life (QoL), diabetes QoL and blood glucose) over three timepoints (post-intervention, short-term and long-term follow-up). Results from 10 (n = 550), three (n = 347) and 16 RCTs (n = 1631) respectively indicated that psychological interventions significantly reduced caregiver psychological distress post-intervention (SMD = -0.64, 95% CI = -1.15, -0.12), child psychological distress post-intervention (SMD = -0.34, 95% CI = -0.55, -0.31) and child blood glucose at short-term follow-up (SMD = -0.11, 95% CI = -0.21, -0.01), relative to controls.

conclusionsParticipants allocated to controls showed greater reductions in caregiver diabetes family conflict at short-and long-term follow-up than those assigned to psychological interventions. This was explained by significant baseline differences influencing a small number of studies. Studies were highly heterogenous regarding outcome measures, follow-ups, and interventions, with high concerns of bias often observed, reflecting the complexity of real-world clinical practice. Findings are promising. Appropriately powered RCTs with robust randomization are recommended to investigate the significance of effects, whilst considering dose response.

Indexed as

CaregiversDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Psychosocial InterventionChildHumansQuality of LifeRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicStress, Psychologicalcaregiver functionchild functionfamily interventionpsychological interventionType 1 Diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40524654
PMCPMC12171233

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.