Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40524089›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of behavioral medicine2026

Unpacking COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Network Analysis Perspective on Related Beliefs and Responses.

Evangelos Karademas, Antonia Paschali

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of behavioral medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Evangelos KarademasUniversity of Crete, Rethymno, Greece. karademas@uoc.gr.
Antonia PaschaliNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAlthough SARS-CoV-2 vaccination effectively prevents severe infection, many people hesitate to get vaccinated. Psychological factors contributing to vaccination hesitancy include beliefs about vaccine safety and effectiveness, perceived severity of infection, mistrust in authorities, misinformation and conspiracy beliefs, and pandemic-related distress and coping. This cross-sectional study, conducted in Greece, explored the relationships between vaccination and pandemic-related beliefs and responses and examined whether these relationships differed between vaccinated individuals and those hesitating or unwilling to vaccinate.

methodThe study was conducted one year after the coronavirus vaccine was available for the entire population and the Omicron variant started to spread. The sample included 520 participants (358 females; mean age = 38.33 years). Network analysis was used to map the connections between the variables.

resultsFindings revealed that people less concerned about infection severity and less confident in vaccine effectiveness were more likely to avoid vaccination. Notably, the network structure differed significantly between the two groups. Vaccinated participants exhibited a dense network of interconnected beliefs and responses, with vaccine safety, trust in authorities, worry regarding the pandemic or infection, and a positive outlook playing central roles. In contrast, the hesitant group displayed fewer connections, with vaccine safety and effectiveness beliefs linked primarily to trust in authorities and misinformation.

conclusionsThese differences suggest that vaccinated individuals process pandemic and vaccine-related information more comprehensively, while hesitancy may stem from limited integration of related beliefs.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeVaccination HesitancyAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGreeceHumansMaleMiddle AgedSARS-CoV-2TrustVaccinationCOVID-19 VaccinesCoronavirusInformation processingPandemicVaccinationVaccination hesitancy

Identifiers

PMID40524089
PMCPMC13624034

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.