ArticleNeurology and therapy2025
Real-World Treatment Outcomes in Black, Hispanic, Asian, and White People with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Fumarates in the USA.
Article in Neurology and therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Incremental health care resource utilization, costs, and predictors of high costs in generalized myasthenia gravis.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2026Article
- GASDERMIN D-mediated pyroptosis as a therapeutic target in TAU-dependent frontotemporal dementia mouse model.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- Comparative Effectiveness of Fumarates Versus Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators in Black Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology and therapy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease affecting a diverse population. Compared with white people with MS (PwMS), Black PwMS have more severe disease and higher incidence of MS, whereas Hispanic PwMS experience earlier onset disease; however, MS is not adequately studied in these groups. We compared the effectiveness of fumarates across Black, Hispanic, Asian, and white PwMS.
methodsThis retrospective analysis using the Komodo Health database included PwMS. Patients with a claim for diroximel fumarate or dimethyl fumarate were followed from disease-modifying therapy (DMT) initiation to loss of follow-up or discontinuation. Outcomes included annualized relapse rate (ARR), time to post-index first relapse, healthcare resource use (HRU), healthcare costs (HCCs), and change in absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs). Race/ethnicity was self-reported.
resultsThis study included 6800 PwMS (Black, n = 1241; Hispanic, n = 777; Asian, n = 132; white, n = 4650). The average exposure duration of fumarates was 449-559 days. Black PwMS had higher baseline disease burden versus white PwMS, were less likely to have commercial insurance plans, and were more likely to reside in a state with a higher poverty rate. ARRs (12-month pre-index to post-index) were significantly reduced across groups. The Kaplan-Meier estimated proportion of relapse-free patients at 2 years was similar across groups (Black, 77.0%; Hispanic, 75.4%; Asian, 81.7%; white, 80.5%). There was a smaller decline in ALC from month 0 to month 12 in Black PwMS versus other racial/ethnic groups.
conclusionConsistent with prior studies, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of fumarates across racial and ethnic MS subgroups. This is the largest analysis to date of the treatment effects of any individual class of DMT in Black and Hispanic PwMS. Infographic available for this article.
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