Observational studyGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2025
Intraocular inflammation following intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs.
Observational study in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti-VEGF safety in evolution: A comprehensive review of ocular and systemic considerations.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Systemic and ocular complications related to intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF agents.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo describe cases of infectious and non-infectious intraocular inflammation (NI-IOI) associated with intravitreal injections (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs in the largest tertiary center with the highest number of IVI in Portugal.
methodsProspective observational study including all patients diagnosed with infectious endophthalmitis (IE) or NI-IOI after IVI of different anti-VEGF drugs in a total of 83,145 IVI between 2018 and 2023. The most frequent indications for treatment were macular neovascularization or macular edema from different etiologies.
resultsTwenty-six eyes developed IE (mean incidence 0.031%) after IVI and 24 eyes were diagnosed with NI-IOI (mean incidence 0.028%), including anterior plus intermediate uveitis (n = 18), only vitritis (n = 4) and retinal vasculitis (n = 2). Regarding NI-IOI, eyes were under treatment with aflibercept (n = 12), bevacizumab (n = 11) and faricimab (n = 1). The most common initial presentation was a painless decrease in visual acuity (VA) at a mean of 8 days [1-20] after IVI in patients with NI-IOI versus red eye, pain and blurry vision, at a mean of 3 days [1-9] after IVI in the IE group. There was a significant improvement in VA between the NI-IOI diagnosis and final visits (35 ± 25 vs. 49 ± 24 ETDRS letters) in the NI-IOI group (p = 0.022), an improvement that occurred over a mean of almost 2 months. There were no significant differences between VA at the time of diagnosis and after treatment (25 ± 28 vs. 26 ± 25 ETDRS letters) in the IE group (p = 0.801).
conclusionNI-IOI represents an emergent treatment-related adverse event, that can be reversible when adequately managed, contrasting with the sight-threatening severe cases of IE. We emphasize the importance of maintaining active surveillance in patients under intravitreal therapy.
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