ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2025
Myopia Development During Transition From Kindergarten to Early Grades in Elementary School: Population-Based Evidence From an Epidemic Area in Taiwan.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Identifying and Managing Pre-Myopia: A Narrative Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Predicting hyperopic reserve in children based on school-based vision programs with ensemble learning.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- IMI: The Role of Light in Refractive Development and Myopia: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia: School-based implementation works.Taiwan journal of ophthalmologyReview
- Keeping myopia away: The importance of maintaining hyperopic reserve in premyopia.Taiwan journal of ophthalmologyReview
- Evolving patterns of childhood myopia in Taiwan: Effects of urbanization, digitalization, and outdoor activity policies.Taiwan journal of ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of myopia, its association, and refractive progression among kindergarten non-myopic children after entering elementary schools in Yilan, Taiwan. Methods: A cohort study was conducted on first- and second-grade elementary school students. Ocular examinations and caregiver-administered questionnaires were performed between December 2023 and March 2024, with data linked to kindergarten records from Yilan Myopia Vision Improvement Program (YMVIP). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ -0.5 diopters (D), and premyopia as -0.5 D < SE ≤ 0.75 D. Results: Of 1754 enrolled students, 1680 (95.73%) underwent ocular examinations, and 1554 (88.55%) were linked to kindergarten data. Among 1428 non-myopic preschoolers, the incidence density of myopia was 8.70% per person-year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.60%-9.80%). Children with incident myopia had a more negative baseline SE (0.33 ± 0.50 D vs. 1.02 ± 0.80 D, P < 0.001) and greater annual myopic progression (-0.60 ± 0.42 D/year vs. -0.20 ± 0.34 D/year). A multiple logistic regression model identified risk factors for incident myopia as premyopia in preschool (odds ratio [OR] = 9.641, 95% CI = 5.936-15.660, P < 0.001), having two myopic parents (OR = 1.819, 95% CI = 1.003-3.297, P = 0.049), and older age at the time of the elementary school examination (OR = 1.635, 95% CI = 1.224-2.183, P = 0.001). Spending more than 30 minutes/day outdoors on weekdays in preschool was protective against myopia (OR = 0.528, 95% CI = 0.366-0.762, P = 0.001). Conclusions: The incidence density of myopia in Yilan County was 8.70% per person-year. Risk factors included premyopia, having myopic parents, and less outdoor time in kindergarten.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.