A conceptual system dynamics model of social determinants of health (SDoH) and its impact on population health.

Background: This paper primarily aims to construct a conceptual model of social determinants of health (SDoH), which will serve as a vital tool for identifying the feedback mechanisms that influence population health outcomes. Additionally, it seeks to simulate both the immediate and long-term effectiveness of proposed SDoH interventions on population health. Design and methods: We developed a system dynamics model of SDoH based on literature review and insights from community health experts. This model enables us to simulate the effectiveness of proposed interventions on population health, using CVD as a representative example of health outcomes. Results: The model results highlight a promising approach for enhancing population health. The neighborhood intervention stands out among the various interventions, demonstrating the most significant impact on health compared to other individual interventions. This finding underscores the potential of neighborhood-focused strategies in improving overall population health. Conclusion: This paper provides a clear explanation and causal framework for why investing in programs that enhance SDoH can improve population health. It introduces a powerful tool such as a causal map of SDoH, enabling policymakers and stakeholders to gain a more profound, dynamic understanding of the relationship between SDoH and health outcomes. This knowledge may help to make informed decisions and implement effective interventions.