Mechanical properties of 3D voxel-printed materials for cardiovascular tissue imitation.

Background: Cardiovascular patient-specific phantoms can improve patient care through testing and simulation. However, materials like silicone and 3D-printing polymers differ mechanically from biological tissues. Agilus30 Clear, the primary material for 3D-printed phantoms, is much stiffer, nearly isotropic, and lacks strain-hardening behavior. To overcome these challenges, a novel 3D voxel-printing approach may provide an effective solution. Methods/aim: This study aimed to explore the applicability of 3D voxel printing, assess how different parameters (strand structure, density, and orientation) affect mechanical properties, and compare them to established phantom materials and porcine cardiovascular tissues. Progressive uniaxial cyclic tension tests were performed across nine stages, varying strain rates and target strain levels, with elastic modulus calculated for comparison. The goal was to stepwise assess whether the overall material stiffness can be reduced, achieving anisotropy and replicating strain-hardening behavior. Results: In the first step, varying the strand density, the tested samples showed a 0%-60% strain modulus of elasticity of 0.215-0.278 N/mm Conclusion: The novel 3D voxel-printing material approach resulted in reduced elastic modulus, anisotropic behavior, and strain-hardening properties, providing a much closer representation of the mechanical behavior of porcine cardiovascular tissues compared to other available phantom materials. However, there is still significant potential for optimization through further exploration of fiber recruitment replication.