Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40520373›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2025

The short cytoplasmic region of phage T4 holin is essential for the transition from impermeable membrane protein complexes to permeable pores.

Jan Michel Frederik Schwarzkopf, Ruth Paola Viveros, Ali Nazmi Burdur, Denise Mehner-Breitfeld, Natalia Tschowri, Thomas Brüser

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Bacteriophage Therapy AgainstAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jan Michel Frederik SchwarzkopfInstitute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
Ruth Paola ViverosInstitute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
Ali Nazmi BurdurInstitute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
Denise Mehner-BreitfeldInstitute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
Natalia TschowriInstitute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
Thomas BrüserInstitute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Virulent as well as temperate phages usually require lysis of bacteria to release their progeny into the surrounding. Double-stranded DNA phages achieve lysis by phage-encoded endolysins that degrade the bacterial cell wall. Endolysins cross the cytoplasmic membrane by the aid of phage-encoded hole-forming membrane proteins, the holins. Canonical holins have been shown to multimerize and form very large holes in membranes, and it is believed that these holes enable a non-specific release of endolysins from cytoplasm. We studied these aspects with

Indexed as

endolysinsEscherichia coliholinsmembrane proteinsphage lysisphages

Identifiers

PMID40520373
PMCPMC12162936

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.