Economic burden of malaria on developing countries: A mini review.

Malaria remains a major public health challenge in developing nations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, with profound economic implications. This study examines the economic burden of malaria by analyzing its effects on economic growth, labor productivity, healthcare expenditure, and overall economic stability. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, with search terms including "Malaria," "Economic Costs," "GDP Effect," "Labor Productivity," "Health Care Expenditure Impact," and "Economic Growth." The search was restricted to studies published between 2000 and 2023, excluding those lacking quantitative data or precise economic evaluations. Findings indicate that malaria significantly hampers GDP growth, reduces investment, and negatively impacts the tourism sector and human capital development. The disease contributes to high absenteeism and presentism, particularly in the agricultural sector, exacerbating poverty and food insecurity. Both direct and indirect economic costs impose a substantial burden on healthcare systems, households, and public services, creating poverty cycles and increasing debt among affected populations. To mitigate these effects, the study underscores the need for strengthened healthcare systems, enhanced prophylactic interventions, sustained research and development, economic support programs, and global collaboration. Given the significant impact of malaria on the health and economic status of nations, tackling both its health and economic effects will fast tract the attainment of sustainable development especially in malaria-endemic countries.