Trial reportDevelopmental medicine and child neurology2025
Early detection of infants with neurodevelopmental concerns indicative of cerebral palsy in a lower middle-income country (India).
Trial report in Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Early detection of infants with neurodevelopmental concerns indicative of cerebral palsy in a lower middle-income country (India).Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2025Trial
- RIGHTS principles for early intervention: right care at the right time for every infant, child and family in low and middle-income countries.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Review
- Epidemiology of cerebral palsy on Tanna Island, Vanuatu: A population-based register study.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026Article
- Reliability of the Telehealth Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination at 24 Months: A Prospective Counterbalanced Observational Study.Pediatric neurology · 2026Observational
- Early detection of cerebral palsy among a high-risk cohort in Bangladesh.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- Early intervention in cerebral palsy 1.0-3.0: From passive approaches to precision, context-responsive care.Science progressReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimTo determine reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy of screening tools for neuromotor concerns indicative of cerebral palsy (CP) at 18 months corrected age by using the General Movements Assessment (GMA) and/or Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) in West Bengal, India.
methodThis prospective substudy tested psychometrics of screening tools nested within an overarching randomized control trial. A total of 785 infants with birth/infant-detectable risk factors, aged 12 to 40 weeks corrected age (n = 422 male, mean corrected age 22.6 weeks, SD = 10.2), were recruited. Infants were screened for 'high-risk CP' using the GMA (absent/abnormal fidgety, 12-17 weeks corrected age) and/or HINE (3 months < 56, 6 months < 59, 9 months < 62, 18-40 weeks corrected age). 'Neuromotor concerns indicative of CP' were classified at 18 months corrected age by a physician from a videoed neurological examination and semi-structured movement protocol. We analysed the results (1) using Gwet's AC1 and (2) for sensitivity and specificity.
resultsInterrater reproducibility was strong (Gwet's AC1 = 0.89, p < 0.001). A total of 165 out of 749 assessments were screened as 'high-risk CP' (22.0%; 95% confidence interval 19.2-25.1). The screening programme (GMA/HINE) was 80.1% accurate (GMA [only] sensitivity = 87.8%, specificity = 44.4%; HINE [only] sensitivity = 94.0%, specificity = 60.0%).
interpretationThe GMA and/or HINE are reliable and accurate tools for screening high-risk populations in India, and may be useful in other low- and middle-income countries to identify infants with neuromotor concerns indicative of CP who could be triaged to early intervention.
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