ArticleAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2025
Impact of type 1 diabetes on binocular vision: Evidence from a comparative analysis.
Article in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diagnostic Criteria for Convergence Excess: Diagnostic Validity of Clinical Signs Associated with Near Esophoria.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- Impact of type 1 diabetes on binocular vision: Evidence from a comparative analysis.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Binocular vision function was assessed in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) without retinopathy and compared to a control group to identify potential nonstrabismic binocular vision disorders. This cross-sectional study included 80 participants (40 T1D, 40 controls) without systemic or ocular diseases, visual impairments, medications, or prior ocular surgery. Highly repeatable tests evaluated heterophoria, the accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, near point of convergence (NPC), fusional vergences, vergence facility, and stereoacuity. Diagnosed dysfunctions included convergence insufficiency, divergence insufficiency, basic exophoria, basic esophoria, fusional vergence dysfunction, convergence excess, and divergence excess. Individuals with T1D showed significantly farther NPC (break: 5.50 vs. 3.80 cm, p = 0.005; recovery: 8.32 vs. 5.69 cm, p < 0.001), lower near positive fusional vergence (break: 20.70 Δ vs. 24.25 Δ; recovery: 11.50 Δ vs. 14.75 Δ, p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively), reduced vergence facility (5.10 vs. 7.15 cpm, p = 0.003), and a lower AC/A ratio (3.30 vs. 4.00, p = 0.01). More participants with T1D had binocular vision parameters outside the normal range, with a higher prevalence of binocular vision disorders (p = 0.048). These findings highlight the impact of T1D on binocular vision and emphasize the need for optometric evaluations for early detection and management.
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