ArticleCell reports2025
Transplants foster B cell alloimmunity by relaying extracellular vesicles to follicular dendritic cells.
Article in Cell reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Shaping Immune Responses in the Lymph Node Microenvironment.Biology of the cell · 2026Review
- IL35 Production After Living-donor Renal Transplantation: Relevance to Local, Exosome-mediated, Clinical Tolerance.Transplantation direct · 2026Article
- Donor macrophage depletion permits posttransplant tolerance induction in a murine islet transplant model.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Article
- Exosome-primed T cell immunity is facilitated by complement activation.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Article
- Evolving Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Renal Allograft Recipients.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2026Review
- Stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration and neuroaging: therapeutic potential and challenges.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
B cells play fundamental roles in transplant rejection. However, how allogeneic (allo)-antigens (Ags) are transported from allografts to follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in lymphoid tissues for development of B cell responses remains unknown. We demonstrated that graft allo-Ags are relayed to FDCs via small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which activate complement via immunoglobulin M (IgM) bound to vesicle phospholipids. Complement-opsonized allo-sEVs bind splenic marginal-zone B cells that shuttle the vesicles to FDCs, which retain and recycle the allo-sEVs so they are recognized by B cells. Accordingly, graft release of allo-sEVs promoted allo-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) accumulation in FDCs, germinal center formation, Ig switch and affinity maturation, and donor-specific antibodies, which decreased in allografts with impaired sEV secretion or when allo-Ags were delivered via disrupted sEVs. Importantly, human spleen FDCs bound allo-sEVs opsonized with human serum bearing active complement. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms that lead to antibody-mediated rejection, for which there are no FDA-approved therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.