Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40515895›Full record

ArticleJournal of community health2025

A National Study of Lodging Organizations Supporting Patient and Caregiver Access To Care in the U.S.

Jennifer A Owens, Godwin Okoye, Flavius R W Lilly, Matthew Jay Lyons, Roger J Ward, T Joseph Mattingly

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Article in Journal of community health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jennifer A OwensUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), 220 Arch St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. jowens@umaryland.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-0039-2302
Godwin OkoyeCollege of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Flavius R W LillyMcDaniel College, Westminster, MD, USA.
Matthew Jay LyonsKennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA.
Roger J WardUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), 220 Arch St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
T Joseph MattinglyUniversity of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To document the characteristics, costs, and services of lodging organizations that support domestic medical travelers and introduce a publicly accessible, geocoded national dataset to inform health services research and policy. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of lodging organizations serving patients and caregivers traveling for medical care across the United States between April 2023 and May 2024. Structured data collection and geospatial mapping were performed. We used chi-square tests to compare characteristics of pediatric-only versus adult- or all-age-serving facilities. Primary data were collected through systematic review of publicly available websites, national directories, and direct outreach to facilities. The analytic sample included 502 U.S.-based lodging organizations meeting eligibility criteria: providing temporary accommodations to patients and caregivers traveling for care. Data were geocoded and analyzed using ArcGIS and R (version 2024.04.2). Among the 502 organizations, 52.4% offered free lodging and 84.7% advertised financial assistance. Pediatric-only facilities (40.8% of the sample) were significantly more likely to offer support services (99.0% vs. 77.1%) and lower-cost accommodations than those serving adults or all ages. Services varied: 53% offered meals, 41% transportation, and 33% domestic activity support (e.g., laundry or kitchens). Organizational affiliation also varied, with 44.4% being independent or hospital-based. A geocoded national map of all facilities was developed and made publicly available at https://www.umaryland.edu/navigator . Lodging organizations form a decentralized but vital support system for patients and caregivers navigating medical travel. This study reveals structural variation in access and highlights equity gaps, particularly for adults and patients with less common diagnoses. Findings support recognition of lodging as a health-related social need and its potential integration into value-based care, Medicaid waivers, and hospital community benefit strategies.

Indexed as

CaregiversHealth Services AccessibilityTravelAdultChildCross-Sectional StudiesHumansUnited StatesAccess to careDomestic medical travelHealth-related social needsPatient and caregiver lodgingRural health

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.