Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40515873›Full record

Article3D printing in medicine2025

Challenges of access to cadavers in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) for undergraduate medical teaching: a review and potential solutions in the form of 3D printed replicas.

Paul G McMenamin, Lucy F Costello, Michelle R Quayle, John F Bertram, Aboubacar Kaka, Nakapi Tefuarani, Justin W Adams

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in 3D printing in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Evaluating the Efficacy of a Novel Multimaterial 3D-Printed Phantom for Otologic Surgical Education and Simulation.Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology · 2026
    Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Mechanical validation of 3D-printed orthopaedic surrogate models for screw insertion training.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Paul G McMenaminDepartment of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. paul.mcmenamin@monash.edu.
Lucy F CostelloDepartment of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
Michelle R QuayleDepartment of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
John F BertramDepartment of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
Aboubacar KakaUmanand Prasad School Of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Fiji, Lautoka, Fiji.
Nakapi TefuaraniSchool Of Medicine And Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea.
Justin W AdamsDepartment of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The inequity of resources available for learning human anatomy, one of the basic sciences underpinning a medical or allied health training, between low- and high-income countries is stark. Many Low Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) have no access to cadavers for the study of human anatomy. In this review we try to highlight the status of anatomy education especially with regards to the barriers to accessing cadavers such as cost, local laws and regulations, religious beliefs and cultural mores. Many of these barriers are more acute in LMIC. We discuss possible solutions to the shortage of cadaver material and specifically we detail 3 case studies in which authors from high income countries can assist colleagues in LMIC institutions teach anatomy using 3D printed replicas of human dissections. The case for this assistance is made and its practical application together with its evaluation is presented. The case studies include medical schools in Liberia, Fiji and Papua New Guinea. The outcomes suggest this model could be expanded to other countries who lack the economic resources to adequately provide learning materials for undergraduate students in medicine and other allied health disciplines.

Indexed as

3D printingAnatomyCultureEthicsHumanitarian aidLMIC

Identifiers

PMID40515873
PMCPMC12167578

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.