ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2025
Mortality Fractions Attributable to Smoking and Smokeless and Mixed Tobacco Use Among Men and Women Across India, 1998-2021.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionEvidence on the mortality burden of tobacco use remains fragmented for low- and middle-income countries like India, and does not fully use Indian-specific datasets. We estimated mortality fractions attributable to different tobacco types (smoked, smokeless, and mixed tobacco use) for India by sex and state-and-union territories over time. AIMS AND
methodsWe applied a direct prevalence approach to estimate mortality fractions attributable to tobacco types among men (35-54 years) and women (35-49 years) over time across 36 Indian states. We used national- and state-level prevalence estimates from the National Family Health Survey (1998-1999, 2005-2006, 2015-2016, and 2019-2021) and estimated Indian-specific relative risks (RRs) of all-cause mortality by tobacco type and sex by applying Cox proportional hazards models to data from the Mumbai Cohort Study.
resultsRRs and sex differences therein differed by tobacco use type. Smoking exhibited the highest RR among men, while mixed tobacco use was highest among women. In 2019-2021, 45.7% and 2.5% of all deaths among Indian men and women, respectively, were related to tobacco use, driven by smoking-attributable mortality among men (28%) and smokeless tobacco-attributable mortality among women (2.1%). Tobacco-attributable mortality shares declined between 1998-1999 and 2019-2021, more strongly for women than men, with an increase in different tobacco types for men and in smoking for women until 2005-2008. State differences in tobacco-attributable mortality shares varied by sex and tobacco types, with higher shares for smoking in the Northeast region, and for smokeless tobacco in East India.
conclusionsLevels, sex and state differences, and time trends in mortality fractions attributable to tobacco use in India differed substantially by tobacco type. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of further strengthening tobacco control initiatives by shifting to a target-oriented approach comprising different actions for each tobacco use type, aimed particularly at men and the Northeast Indian states, to enable India to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.