ReviewClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2025
Making Sense of Hierarchical Composite End Points in Randomized Clinical Trials-A Primer for Infectious Diseases Clinicians and Researchers.
Review in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07453914 (Clinical Assessment of Respiratory Events for Kids), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Assessment of Respiratory Events for Kids: Integrating Diagnostics and Stewardship
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Application of a Novel Desirability of Outcome Ranking Endpoint Incorporating a Framework for Resistance Assessment and Microbiologic Evaluation in Antibiotic Trials: A Proof-of-Concept in a Post Hoc Analysis of the BALANCE Trial.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Beyond Bloodstream Infection: The Potential for Hierarchical Composite Endpoints in Vascular Access Research.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Empirical Antibiotic Activity and Outcomes in Pediatric Gram-negative Bloodstream Infections: A Rank-based Composite Outcome Analysis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Gram-negative bacterial infection randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the 21st century: characteristics and evolution.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Review
- Randomized Clinical Trials Using a Hierarchical Composite Primary End Point: A Scoping Review.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Linezolid in addition to standard antibiotic treatment forBMJ open · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Hierarchical composite end points (HCEs), combining features of simple composite end points and conventional ordinal end points, are increasingly being used in infectious diseases (ID) research. However, many clinicians may be unfamiliar with these novel end points, including the variety of different target parameters that may be of interest and the methods that can be used to estimate them. In this review, we provide a conceptual overview of HCEs by defining them and providing examples from the ID literature. We explain different methods for analyzing HCEs, including (1) the Wilcoxon rank sum approach (often used in studies with a desirability of outcome ranking [DOOR] end point), (2) generalized pairwise comparisons (used to estimate a win ratio or win odds), (3) proportional odds model (and the relevance of the proportional odds assumption), and, (4) the probabilistic index model. This review will help ID clinicians and healthcare providers interpret current and future research using such end points.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.