Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40512130›Full record

ArticleBiomaterials science2025

Iohexol as a refractive index tuning agent for bioinks in high cell density bioprinting.

Yi Xiang, Yazhi Sun, Jiaao Guan, Tobias Meng-Saccoccio, Ting-Yu Lu, David Berry, Shaochen Chen

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biomaterials science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Computational approaches in bioprinting processes.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Yi XiangDepartment of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. shc064@ucsd.edu.
Yazhi SunDepartment of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. shc064@ucsd.edu.
Jiaao GuanDepartment of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. shc064@ucsd.edu.
Tobias Meng-SaccoccioDepartment of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. shc064@ucsd.edu.
Ting-Yu LuProgram in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
David BerryDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8275-8322
Shaochen ChenDepartment of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. shc064@ucsd.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6876-497X

Funding

U of Calif, San Diego Neuroscience Microscopy ImagingP30NS047101 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI GLEESON, JOSEPH G, ZHENG, BINHAI · 2003 to 2022
$9.0M
Pre-clinical validation of 3D-printed nerve conduits for pediatric peripheral nerve repairR01HD112026 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SHAOCHEN CHEN, Quyen Nguyen · 2023 to 2026
$2.4M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD112026NINDS NIH HHS P30 NS047101
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Light-based 3D bioprinting has emerged as a transformative technology for fabrication of biomimetic tissues and artificial organs. High cell density (HCD) bioprinting aims to recapitulate the cellular density and interactions in native tissue, but faces significant challenges in achieving both high resolution and structural fidelity due to light scattering during the photopolymerization process. Refractive index (RI) tuning of the bioink mitigates light scattering to improve printing fidelity. In this study, we developed an iohexol (IHX)-based bioink for digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting. IHX effectively tuned the RI of the bioink to match cellular components to reduce light scattering while still maintaining printability. The bioink demonstrated excellent biocompatibility across multiple cell types, including epithelial, endothelial, parenchymal, and stem cells, while simultaneously supporting post-printing cellular viability, reorganization, and functionality. Using IHX-bioink, we fabricated tubular constructs with lumen diameters ranging from 400 μm to 1.1 mm and utilized strategies to minimize overpolymerization and ensure lumen fidelity. Our results underscore IHX-bioink as a promising biomaterial for scalable, RI-matching 3D bioprinting, enabling the creation of perfusable, HCD constructs for various applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Indexed as

Biocompatible MaterialsBioprintingInkIohexolAnimalsCell CountCell SurvivalHumansPrinting, Three-DimensionalRefractometryTissue EngineeringBiocompatible MaterialsIohexol

Identifiers

PMID40512130
PMCPMC12239861

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.