ArticlePeerJ2025
Body fat percentage is a key factor in elevated plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolite in women.
Article in PeerJ, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of Caffeine Dose and Administration Method on Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Review
- Coffee and Caffeine in Depression: Symptom-Level Modulation and Challenges in Nutripsychiatric Interpretation.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Betaine, and L-Carnitine Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Obesity Biomarkers in Mice.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Coffee Versus Caffeine as Ergogenic Aids: Biological and Methodological Distinctions with Implications for Exercise Performance and Recovery.Nutrients · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Caffeine (CAF) intake is measured in absolute daily amounts or doses per kilogram of body weight. However, both methods are not entirely appropriate. The activity of liver enzymes that metabolise caffeine may be reduced in obese individuals, and plasma caffeine concentrations may vary depending on the fat-to-free-fat mass ratio. This study investigates the relationship between, between body fat percentage and the plasma concentrations of caffeine and its metabolites in women. Methods: This experimental study with a between-group comparison design included 38 women (age 25.5 ± 2.7 years; body weight 66.5 ± 15.3 kg). Body fat percentage was measured using bioimpedance analysis (mBCA 515 SECA analyzer), and participants were categorized as non-obese (≤30% body fat, Results: The results showed that the obese group had significantly higher caffeine (Mdn = 10.64 Conclusions: Higher body fat percentage is associated with increased plasma caffeine and paraxanthine concentrations following a weight-based caffeine dose. These findings suggest that body fat percentage may be a more relevant factor than total body weight in caffeine metabolism, with potential implications for personalized caffeine dosing guidelines.
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Registered trials
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