Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40510216›Full record

ArticleInternet interventions2025

Symptom heterogeneity in students with mild to severe depression symptomatology and their differential symptom-specific changes during an internet-based, guided cognitive behavioural therapy intervention.

Lynn Boschloo, Jasmijn Wijnands, Nadia Garnefski, Vivian Kraaij, Petra Hurks, Danielle Remmerswaal, Reinout W Wiers, Sascha Struijs, Elske Salemink

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Internet interventions, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Lynn BoschlooDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Jasmijn WijnandsDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Nadia GarnefskiDivision of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Vivian KraaijDivision of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Petra HurksFaculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Danielle RemmerswaalDepartment of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Reinout W WiersAddiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) lab, Department of Psychology, Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Sascha StruijsDepartment of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Elske SaleminkDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Students often report depression and stress symptomatology but may differ in their symptoms and their symptom-specific changes during interventions. This study adopted a symptom-specific approach and examined 1) individual symptoms in students experiencing mild to severe depression symptomatology and 2) changes in individual symptoms during a guided, internet-based intervention. We zoomed in on how these (changes in) symptoms were related to each other and to (changes in) overall quality of life. Methods: This study included 1816 students with mild to severe baseline depression symptomatology, of which 412 activated their account for an eight-week, guided, internet-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy intervention ( Results: Mean scores of baseline symptoms differed substantially, and network estimations showed multiple positive connections across symptoms and negative connections of symptoms with overall quality of life. During the intervention, all symptoms reduced significantly, although with differential magnitude, and network estimations showed that changes in symptoms were differentially related to other changes in symptoms and changes in overall quality of life. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of considering individual symptoms and their interrelations as a more complete and nuanced measure for 1) the heterogeneity of baseline symptomatology and 2) the heterogeneity of changes in symptomatology during an intervention.

Indexed as

Depression symptomsInternet-based CBTNetwork estimation techniquesPerceived stressQuality of lifeUniversity students

Identifiers

PMID40510216
PMCPMC12155852

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.