Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40509950›Full record

SynthesisVeterinary medicine and science2025

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence, Species Distribution and Risk Factors of Eimeria spp. in Iranian Livestock.

Reza Ataee Disfani, Fariba Shadfar, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Laya Shamsi, Ali Asghari, Milad Badri, Tahereh Davoodi, Farajolah Maleki

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Veterinary medicine and science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Review
  4. Molecular Investigation ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Reza Ataee DisfaniCellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
Fariba ShadfarZoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Mohammad Reza MohammadiDepartment of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Laya ShamsiDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Ali AsghariDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran.ORCID 0000-0002-4005-2687
Milad BadriMedical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.ORCID 0000-0002-1860-326X
Tahereh DavoodiDepartment of Medical Science, Kaz. C., Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.
Farajolah MalekiZoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEimeria spp. are protozoan parasites causing coccidiosis, a disease that leads to significant economic losses in livestock such as cattle, water buffalo, sheep and goats. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species in Iranian livestock to better understand the epidemiology of this parasitic infection.

methodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted in international and Persian databases for studies published from 1 January 2000 to 7 October 2024. Data on prevalence rates, sample sizes, age groups, genders, seasons, species identification and geographical distribution were analysed using a random-effects model, with subgroup and meta-regression analyses to identify potential sources of heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results.

resultsThis systematic review included 25 studies comprising 29 datasets: 12 on sheep, 8 on cattle, 7 on goats and 2 on water buffalo. The overall weighted prevalence of Eimeria spp. in Iranian livestock was 45% (95% CI: 32.9%-57.6%). Species-specific pooled prevalence rates were highest in water buffalo (92.7%), followed by goats (75.6%), sheep (47%) and cattle (19.1%). Younger animals (under 1 year) showed a higher prevalence (65.2%) compared to older ones (48.8%), with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.03 (95% CI: 1.33-3.08), indicating increased susceptibility in younger livestock. Females exhibited slightly higher infection rates (42.9%) than males (42.7%), and prevalence peaked during spring and winter. A total of 35 Eimeria species were identified across Iranian livestock. Water buffalo had 14 species, with E. bovis and E. zuernii being the most common. Cattle and sheep each had 13 species, with E. bovis and E. zuernii predominating in cattle and E. intricata, E. ahsata, E. ovinoidalis and E. faurei predominating in sheep, while goats had 12, with E. arloingi, E. ninakohlyakimovae and E. christenseni being predominant in goats.

conclusionsThe findings highlight the critical need for effective control and prevention strategies to mitigate the health and economic impacts of Eimeria spp. infections in Iranian livestock.

Indexed as

Cattle DiseasesCoccidiosisEimeriaGoat DiseasesLivestockSheep DiseasesAnimalsBuffaloesCattleGoatsIranPrevalenceRisk FactorsSheepcattleEimeria sppgoatIranlivestockprevalencesheepwater buffalo

Identifiers

PMID40509950
PMCPMC13045758

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.