Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40509409›Full record

ReviewFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Maillard Reaction: Mechanism, Influencing Parameters, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Food Industrial Applications: A Review.

Leina El Hosry, Vanessa Elias, Vanessa Chamoun, Malda Halawi, Philippe Cayot, Anthony Nehme, Elias Bou-Maroun

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
100citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

100 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
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  8. Article
  9. Article
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  11. Article
  12. Article
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  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article

40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Leina El HosryDepartment of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Zouk Mikael P.O. Box 72, Lebanon.
Vanessa EliasDepartment of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Zouk Mikael P.O. Box 72, Lebanon.
Vanessa ChamounDepartment of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Zouk Mikael P.O. Box 72, Lebanon.
Malda HalawiDepartment of Chemistry, International College, Hamra Bliss Street, Beirut P.O. Box 113-5373, Lebanon.
Philippe CayotInstitut Agro, Université Bourgogne Europe, INRAE, UMR PAM, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, F-21000 Dijon, France.ORCID 0000-0002-6998-8569
Anthony NehmeSchool of Business, Antonine University-Mejdlaya, Zgharta P.O. Box 40016, Lebanon.
Elias Bou-MarounInstitut Agro, Université Bourgogne Europe, INRAE, UMR PAM, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, F-21000 Dijon, France.ORCID 0000-0003-0208-858X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Maillard reaction is a complex chemical reaction that occurs between nucleophilic groups, such as thiolates or amino groups primarily from amino acids, peptides, proteins, and carbonyl groups, particularly from reducing sugars. The pH value of the medium is a key parameter controlling the kinetics of the Maillard reaction, as it influences the concentration of nucleophilic groups. Other specific conditions of reaction medium such as temperature, reaction time (or residence time in a process), and water activity also significantly influence the Maillard reaction. Understanding the impact of these parameters is essential for optimizing the Maillard reaction to enhance sensory attributes, nutritional qualities, and product stability during the storage and distribution of the final products. The Maillard reaction is responsible for the formation of desirable sensory qualities such as flavor, aroma, color, and texture in cooked and thermally processed foods, in addition to the improvement of nutritional value and shelf life of foods. In contrast, there are limitations in its industrial applications, as it can also generate harmful compounds such as acrylamide, N(6)-carboxymethyllysine, furans, and heterocyclic amines, as well as undesired changes in the nutritional value of the food. This review provides an overview of the Maillard reaction's mechanism, influencing parameters, pros and cons, as well as some food industrial applications.

Indexed as

acrylamideadvanced glycation end-productsfood processingmelanoidinsnon-enzymatic browningnutritional effectS-Maillard reactionvitamin C degradation

Identifiers

PMID40509409
PMCPMC12154226

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.