ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2025
Environmental Risks and Toxicity of Fipronil and Imidacloprid Used in Pets Ectoparasiticides.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors influencing feline antiparasitic prescriptions by veterinarians and demographics across parts of the UK.Veterinary record open · 2026Article
- Topical Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Veterinary Medicine: Advancing Animal Health Through a One Health Approach.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Essential Oils for Flea and Tick Control in Companion Animals: A Critical Review of Efficacy, Safety, Resistance Mitigation and Integrated Pest Management.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fipronil (FIP) and imidacloprid (IMID) are two of the most commonly used ectoparasiticides to control parasites in pets. Compared with those of farm animals, their environmental risks have generally been considered low because of their limited use; however, the growing pet population and evolving treatment practices make this assumption challenging. To assess these risks, water samples were collected at an animal shelter in Italy to monitor the abundance of ectoparasiticides in aquatic environments. Additionally, laboratory-based ecotoxicological assays were carried out on a range of marine non-target species across different trophic levels (algae, copepods, and mussels). In vitro toxicity tests on human epithelial cell cultures were also implemented to examine potential cytotoxic effects at the levels of human exposure detectable in a domestic setting after pet treatment. Wastewater samples from the shelter contained 0.18 µg L
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.