ArticlePolymers2025
In Situ 3D Printing of Conformal Bioflexible Electronics via Annealing PEDOT:PSS/PVA Composite Bio-Ink.
Article in Polymers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Functional Materials for Additive Manufacturing: Materials Design, Processing, and Emerging Applications.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Recent Advancements in Gel-Based Flexible Electronic Sensors.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
High-performance flexible sensors capable of direct integration with biological tissues are essential for personalized health monitoring, assistive rehabilitation, and human-machine interaction. However, conventional devices face significant challenges in achieving conformal integration with biological surfaces, along with sufficient biomechanical compatibility and biocompatibility. This research presents an in situ 3D biomanufacturing strategy utilizing Direct Ink Writing (DIW) technology to fabricate functional bioelectronic interfaces directly onto human skin, based on a novel annealing PEDOT:PSS/PVA composite bio-ink. Central to this strategy is the utilization of a novel annealing PEDOT:PSS/PVA composite material, subjected to specialized processing involving freeze-drying and subsequent thermal annealing, which is then formulated into a DIW ink exhibiting excellent printability. Owing to the enhanced network structure resulting from this unique fabrication process, films derived from this composite material exhibit favorable electrical conductivity (ca. 6 S/m in the dry state and 2 S/m when swollen) and excellent mechanical stretchability (maximum strain reaching 170%). The material also demonstrates good adhesion to biological interfaces and high-fidelity printability. Devices fabricated using this material achieved good conformal integration onto a finger joint and demonstrated strain-sensitive, repeatable responses during joint flexion and extension, capable of effectively transducing local strain into real-time electrical resistance signals. This study validates the feasibility of using the DIW biomanufacturing technique with this novel material for the direct on-body fabrication of functional sensors. It offers new material and manufacturing paradigms for developing highly customized and seamlessly integrated bioelectronic devices.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.