ArticlePolymers2025
Bio-Based Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Blends for 3D Printing: Rheological, Mechanical, Biocompatibility, and Biodegradation Properties.
Article in Polymers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rheology-Guided PHB/PBAT/MgO Nanocomposites for FDM Printing with Balanced Mechanical and Degradation Performance.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): Production, Properties, Modification Strategies, Additive Manufacturing, Biodegradation, and Applications.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Functional Materials for Additive Manufacturing: Materials Design, Processing, and Emerging Applications.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Optimization of FDM Printing Parameters for Enhanced Compressive Performance of 3D-Printed PLA/CF Composite Lattice Structures.Polymers · 2026Article
- 3D Printed Patient-Specific Resorbable Bone Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Regeneration.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Review
- Review
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Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study develops highly flexible, biodegradable polymer blends using bio-based polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing. A Design of Experiment (DoE) approach optimized blend compositions by varying crystallinity levels of three PHAs, processed via twin-screw extrusion. Rheological analysis revealed that PHA blends exhibited 30-50% lower viscosity than PLA at low shear rates, ensuring improved processability. Tensile testing confirmed favorable mechanical properties, with elongation at break exceeding 2000%, significantly surpassing PLA (29%). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated partial miscibility and crystallinity reductions of up to 50%, influencing printability. Optimized 3D printing parameters demonstrated minimal warping for blends with crystallinity below 18%, ensuring high-dimensional stability. During home composting tests, PHA blends showed significant degradation within two months, whereas PLA remained intact. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed microbial degradation. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the blends were non-toxic, supporting applications in tissue engineering. These findings highlight the potential of PHA-based blends as sustainable, high-performance materials for biomedical, packaging, and environmental applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.