ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2025
Four-Dimensional Flow in Fontan Patients: Advanced Haemodynamic Assessment.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dyssynchrony-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Children: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Contemporary Management.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Review
- Proteomic Remodeling in Fontan Circulation Associated with Fibrosis and Time-Dependent Immune-Metabolic Alteration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Selection of revision technique for suboptimal total cavopulmonary connection based on computational fluid dynamics: a case report.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Staged palliation with the creation of a Fontan circulation is the standard surgical approach in patients with a single ventricle. The Fontan circulation is a complex circuit that is associated with various complications that may present early or later in life and can limit life quality and expectancy. In this context, a good understanding of the Fontan physiology is important to improve outcomes for single-ventricle patients. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is recommended for the long-term follow-up of Fontan patients, as it provides functional and haemodynamic information. Four-dimensional (4D) Flow MRI is a time-resolved, three-dimensional, velocity-encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique that is increasingly used in Fontan patients because it not only enables measuring blood flow within a three-dimensional (3D) volume, but also allows for assessing more advanced haemodynamic parameters that may help in understanding the Fontan physiology and pathophysiology. Furthermore, 4D Flow is used for image-based simulations using computational fluid dynamics. In this review, we provide an overview of the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance flow assessment, with a focus on four-dimensional flow ('4D Flow').
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Registered trials
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