ArticleInternational journal of retina and vitreous2025
Retinal vessel tortuosity and fractal dimension in diabetic retinopathy.
Article in International journal of retina and vitreous, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Quantifying Lateral Pulsation in Retinal Vessels Within the Optic Disc.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Ethnicity-Stratified Normative Retinal Vascular Features from the UK Biobank Using Deep Learning.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Explainable retinal deep learning for cardiovascular risk stratification: a multiple modality analysis framework with vascular-centric interpretability and robustness.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Opposing end-node and junction-node remodeling patterns in diabetic patients on optical coherence tomography angiography.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Bridging Hypoxia and Vision Loss: The Emerging Role of Connexins in Local and Systemic Eye Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence-based analysis of retinal vascular changes in the preclinical and early stages of diabetic retinopathy using ultra-widefield fundus imaging: an observational cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Effect of RAS inhibitors on retinal microvasculature in DKD using AI-based ultra-wide-field images.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundRetinal vessel geometry characteristic have been studied as one of the signs of microvascular changes in diabetic retinopathy (DR) that necessitates early screening. This study aimed to investigate the differences in retinal vessel tortuosity (VT) and fractal dimension (FD) between patients with and without DR.
methodsThis retrospective study analyzed medical records and OCT-A images of DR and No-DR patients. DR severity was graded by a vitreoretinal specialist following the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Severity Scales. Retinal VT and FD were quantified using ImageJ software. Comparison between groups using non-parametric and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) statistical analysis combined with cluster bootstrapping.
resultsWe analyzed 96 (161 eyes) with the mean age of 52.7 ± 9.9 years. Compared to No-DR, VT was significantly higher in all DR groups (p < 0.05). Mild non proliferative DR (β = +0.0621), Moderate NPDR (β = +0.0412), Severe NPDR (β = +0.0441), and proliferative DR (β = +0.0404). FD of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) showed no significant difference among the groups and a significantly lower FD of the deep capillary plexus (DCP) compared to the No-DR groups (moderate NPDR (β = -0.0131), severe NPDR ( β = -0.0316) and PDR ( β = -0.0326)).
conclusionCompared to No-DR group, VT was found significantly higher in DR group, and FD of the DCP found significantly lower in the DR group. These parameters offer unique insights beyond simple vessel loss and complementary information into the geometric complexity and structural alterations of the retinal microvasculature in DR.
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