ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2025
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Associated With Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies: Defining a Distinct Epilepsy Syndrome.
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neuroimmunology of Epilepsy: Mechanisms, Treatments, and Clinical Insights.Epilepsy currents · 2026Article
- Timing, Composition, and Clinical Correlates of Immunotherapy Response in GAD65 Antibody-Associated Epilepsy: A Literature-Derived Patient-Level Analysis of 375 Published Cases.Neurology international · 2026Article
- WONOEP XVII appraisal: The immunopathogenesis of epilepsy.Epilepsia · 2026Review
- Duolingo-induced seizures in GAD65 IgG associated autoimmune epilepsy.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Prognostic factors and a preliminary prognostic model in anti-GAD antibody-associated epilepsy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesEpilepsy associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD-abs) often presents as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, detailed data on this condition are lacking. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that TLE with GAD-abs (GAD-TLE) is distinct from other forms of TLE and to describe the subgroup of patients with epilepsy and GAD-abs but no evidence of TLE.
methodsInpatients from 2011 to 2022 with high serum GAD-abs (≥1:80, confirmed by a cell-based assay and typical staining pattern on a tissue-based assay) were included. The control group comprised patients with mesial TLE (EMU-mTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis or nonlesional epilepsy diagnosed on the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) and having negative results on a broad panel of neural antibodies. Data were retrospectively collected from first admission (visit 1 [V1]) and most recent follow-up (visit 2 [V2]). Parameters included demographic data, comorbidities, seizure characteristics, electroencephalography findings, MRI results, verbal memory performance, GAD-ab titers (V1), therapies, seizure and memory outcomes, and occupational status (V2).
resultsOf 81 GAD-ab-positive patients, 71 (88%) had TLE. Compared with 40 EMU-mTLE controls, patients with GAD-TLE were more often female (84% vs 33%, DISCUSSION: Epilepsy associated with GAD-abs predominantly manifests as TLE and as such is an epilepsy syndrome (GAD-TLE). In comparison with EMU-confirmed patients with mTLE without GAD-abs, the seizure outcome is inferior but the neuropsychological performance is usually normal and remains stable. A subset of patients with epilepsy with high-titer GAD-abs do not have TLE, some presenting with generalized features.
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