ArticleScience in One Health2025
Regulating antimicrobial resistance in the environment: analysis of Thailand legal framework and areas for reinforcement.
Article in Science in One Health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Technological impacts of antibiotic residues in animal-derived fermented foods: Mechanisms, detection challenges, regulatory gaps, and mitigation strategies.Veterinary world · 2026Article
- The interlinked crisis: pharmaceutical pollution as a driver of antimicrobial resistance in East Africa: an urgent call for ecopharmacovigilance and one health approach.One health outlook · 2026Review
- Combating antimicrobial resistance in Asia: A comprehensive review of strategic action plans, policies, and the role of the WHO.Saudi medical journal · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health issue, exacerbated by extensive antimicrobial use across human, animal, and plant sectors. The environment plays a crucial role in AMR emergence and spread due to the contamination from resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antimicrobial residues from various sources. In Thailand, the regulatory framework that can reinforce AMR mitigation in environmental settings remains underdeveloped. This study aims to analyse the existing regulatory framework for environmental AMR control by identifying regulatory gaps and assessing the challenges of implementing these regulations. Methods: A qualitative approach was employed, combining a literature review and semi-structured interviews with 28 key informants from diverse regulatory sectors, including the ministries of health, agriculture, and environment. This included multi-level stakeholders at national, provincial, and local levels, as well as selected farmers. Content analysis of interview transcripts and regulatory documents was performed to triangulate findings on regulatory gaps and implementation barriers. Results: The study identified five regulatory categories governing water contamination across settings: rivers/canals, hospital wastewater, household wastewater, industrial waste (including pharmaceuticals), and animal farms. While the regulatory frameworks guide pollution standards, regulations lack provisions specific to AMR, highlighting a significant gap in AMR oversight and data on AMR pathogens in environmental wastewater. Key barriers include insufficient incorporation of AMR indicators in routine monitoring, limited enforcement, and inadequate technical and budgetary support. Conclusion: Thailand's current environmental AMR framework lacks comprehensive AMR-specific regulations and robust enforcement mechanisms. Addressing these gaps requires multi-sectoral coordination, enhanced funding, and capacity-building initiatives. By prioritizing indicator development and establishing AMR-focused policies, Thailand can enhance its environmental AMR control measures and contribute to global AMR mitigation efforts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.