Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40500803›Full record

ReviewEuropean journal of medical research2025

Mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of olfactory dysfunction in rhinosinusitis.

Hai Zhu, Siyuan Qu, Mengdan Gong, Yizhen Xiang, Shengqi Gan, Yaoshu Teng, Dong Ye

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in European journal of medical research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Artificial Intelligence in Rhinology: A State-of-the-Art Review of Clinical Readiness and Implementation Pathways.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Hai ZhuDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
Siyuan QuDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
Mengdan GongDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
Yizhen XiangDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
Shengqi GanDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
Yaoshu TengDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
Dong YeDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China. yedong@nbu.edu.cn.

Funding

2022 postgraduate course construction project of Medical School of Ningbo University, Key Project of Huili Foundation 2022ZD0032024 Ningbo Public Welfare Science and Technology Plan Key Project，Ningbo Natural Science Foundation 2023J2132024 Teaching and Research Project of Ningbo University JYXM2024122Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngology Head and Neck Disease 2022L005Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program 2023030514Ninghai Science and Technology Project 05
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOlfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), affecting approximately 60-80% of patients. This impairment significantly impacts patients' quality of life and increases the risk of hazardous events.

objectiveThis study aims to summarize and analyze the epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of CRS-related olfactory dysfunction. It also describes subjective and objective methods for olfactory assessment and discusses the latest diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, while proposing future research directions.

methodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze the pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, and treatment strategies for CRS-related olfactory dysfunction. This study compares different olfactory assessment tools, examines the role of inflammatory factors, and evaluates the effectiveness of various treatments.

resultsThe pathogenesis of CRS-related olfactory dysfunction involves conductive factors, inflammatory processes, and olfactory bulb disuse atrophy. While surgical and pharmacological treatments are effective for some patients, the overall efficacy remains debatable. Traditional olfactory training emerges as a promising, non-invasive therapeutic approach with significant potential.

conclusionsOlfactory dysfunction is a prevalent issue among CRS patients and is closely associated with type 2 inflammation. Future research should focus on understanding the dynamic changes in olfactory bulb volume and the functional transition of olfactory neuroepithelial stem cells. Although corticosteroid therapy is widely used, the optimal administration route requires further investigation, and the long-term efficacy of surgical treatment remains a topic of ongoing debate.

Indexed as

Olfaction DisordersRhinitisSinusitisChronic DiseaseHumansQuality of LifeRhinosinusitisImaging techniquesNeuroepithelial stem cellsOlfactory dysfunctionOlfactory testingPsychophysical testingRhinosinusitisTraditional Chinese medicine

Identifiers

PMID40500803
PMCPMC12153118

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.