ArticleNature communications2025
Two-year-olds' visual exploration of response options during memory decisions predicts metamemory monitoring one year later.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Confidence judgments, feelings of knowing and judgments of learning: Towards a common framework.Memory & cognition · 2026Article
- Development of Uncertainty Sensitivity: Early Competence or Protracted Development?Developmental science · 2026Article
- Two-year-olds' visual exploration of response options during memory decisions predicts metamemory monitoring one year later.Nature communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introspection on memory states guides decision-making, but little is known about how it emerges in childhood. Toddlers' behavioral responses to difficult memory decisions (e.g., information seeking) suggest early capacity to track uncertain situations, but it is unclear whether these behaviors relate to later emerging capacity to introspect on memory accuracy (i.e., metamemory monitoring). In a pre-registered longitudinal study, 176 25- to 34-month-olds encode images, then are asked to select the familiar image from arrays that also include a new image (Time 1). One year later (Time 2), 157 participants complete a similar memory task and report decision confidence. Higher gaze transitions between responses, indicative of evaluation processes, faster response latencies, and greater memory at Time 1 predict Time 2 metamemory monitoring (i.e., greater confidence for accurate than inaccurate decisions). At Time 2, gaze transitions are associated with lower overall confidence. Overall, this research reveals potential building blocks of emerging metamemory monitoring.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.