ArticleJACC. Asia2025
Prevalence and Mortality of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome in China: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.
Article in JACC. Asia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between triglyceride-glucose-related indices and cardiovascular disease risk in population with cardio-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Intensive Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Outcomes Across Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages: A Post Hoc Analysis of the China Rural Hypertension Control Project.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- A machine learning-derived aging index for risk stratification and mortality prediction in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Lifestyle and Metabolic Health, Low-Grade to Clinically Elevated Albuminuria, and Cardiovascular-Renal Diseases.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- Before Microalbuminuria: Low-Grade Albuminuria as a Therapeutic Window for Cardiorenal Prevention.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- Biomarkers and Risk Prediction in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Associations of C-Reactive Protein-Triglyceride Glucose Index and Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity With All-Cause Mortality: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Machine Learning Analysis of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Risk Factors and Prognosis Among Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Coronary Artery Calcification: Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Association Between Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome and Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction at the Intersection of CKM Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Path-to-Target Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cardio-Kidney-Metabolic Phenotypes and Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Review
- Associations of Biological Age and Heart Age Accelerations With New-Onset Stroke in Individuals With Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages 0-3: Evidence From a Chinese Longitudinal Study.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2026Article
- Remnant Cholesterol Inflammatory Index and Its Association With All-Cause Mortality Among General Population and Individuals With Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages 0-3: Evidence From Two Nationwide Studies.Clinical cardiology · 2026Article
- Social Isolation Trajectories Spanning Childhood to Adulthood and Mortality Risk in CKM Syndrome: Evidence From CHARLS.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Triglyceride-glucose index and mortality in critically ill patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage 4.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Stage-specific risks of mortality and renal outcomes in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: findings from a nationwide Japanese cohort.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026Article
- Associations between cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome staging and risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Physical Activity and Bidirectional Stage Transitions in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a novel staging framework used to evaluate CKM health. The burden of CKM syndrome in China is relatively unknown, and such data may inform future health priority.
objectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and mortality risk across CKM stages.
methodsNationally representative populations (n = 33,685) were included from the China Hypertension Survey. The weighted prevalence of each CKM stage was calculated. All-cause, cardiovascular (CV), and non-CV death associated with CKM stages were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Population attributable fraction (PAF) was calculated to estimate the mortality burden related to each CKM stage.
resultsBetween 2012 and 2015, 18.8% of Chinese adults met criteria for stage 0, 15.5% for stage 1, 42.1% for stage 2, 14.7% for stage 3, and 8.9% for stage 4, with advanced stage (stages 3-4) was 23.6%. After 5-year follow-up, compared with stage 0, adjusted HR for all-cause death in stage 1 was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.51-1.15), stage 2 was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.04-1.77), stage 3 was 2.47 (95% CI: 1.91-3.19), and stage 4 was 4.00 (95% CI: 3.07-5.22). Similarly, adjusted HRs for CV death and non-CV death progressively increased from stage 2 to 4 (both P-trend values < 0.001). For all-cause, CV, and non-CV death, PAFs increased with advancing CKM stages. For instance, for all-cause death, PAFs caused by stages 2, 3, and 4 were 13.4%, 18.6%, and 22.0%.
conclusionsPoor CKM health is widespread in China, underscoring the urgent need for collaborative and comprehensive management strategies to tackle CKM syndrome epidemic.
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